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Fluid presure drops in pipe lines
Weight density of air (in pounds per cubic foot) for different gauge pressure (psi) can be found in the table below:
1) Density is based on atmospheric pressure 14.696 psia and molecular weight of air 28.97
Density of air can also be expressed as
ñ = 1.325 pin Hg / TR (1) where ñ = density (lb/ft3) pin Hg = pressure (inches Hg) TR = absolute temperature (Rankine)
ñ = 1.325 pin Hg / TR (1)
where
ñ = density (lb/ft3)
pin Hg = pressure (inches Hg)
TR = absolute temperature (Rankine)
Heat loss and insulation of pipe lines
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The heat loss diagrams below is based on metal pipes with fiber glass insulation with thermal conductivity 0.036 W/mK, outdoor condition with moderate wind 9 m/s. A safety factor of 10% is included.
Temperature ekspansion of pipe line or gasket.
The temperature expansion of pipes depends on the start and final temperature of the pipe and the expansion coefficient of the piping material at the actual temperature. The general expansion formula can be expressed as:
dl = á Lo dt (1) where dl = expansion (m, inch) Lo = length of pipe (m, inch) dt = temperature difference (oC, oF) á = linear expansion coefficient (m/moK, inch/inchoF)
dl = á Lo dt (1)
dl = expansion (m, inch)
Lo = length of pipe (m, inch)
dt = temperature difference (oC, oF)
á = linear expansion coefficient (m/moK, inch/inchoF)
Mean expansion coefficient may vary with temperature as:
Formula (1) can also be used with SI units. The expansion coefficient must be adjusted to oC.
100 feet of alloy steel pipe is heated from 32 to 212oF. The expansion coefficient is 8 10-6oF). (inch/inch
The expansion can be expressed as:
dl = (8 10-6 in/inoF)(100 feet) (12 in/ft) (212 - 32 oF) = 1.728 inch
dl = (8 10-6 in/inoF)(100 feet) (12 in/ft) (212 - 32 oF)
= 1.728 inch
The ASME B16.5 - 1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings.
The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24, with requirements given in both metric and U.S units. The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials. Also included in this Standard are requirements and recommendations regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints.
